<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577810939139468570</id><updated>2011-04-21T12:34:56.632-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Materi Kuliyah</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://d307244-makul.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/577810939139468570/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://d307244-makul.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Rahmat Hidayat</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11018297933394194121</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>3</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577810939139468570.post-3158670771939909998</id><published>2008-04-10T06:34:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-04-10T07:07:09.748-07:00</updated><title type='text'>ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL</title><content type='html'>Prerequisites: To start this lab you need to have a connection to Router1, Router2, and Router4.    &lt;p&gt;IP Addresses: Please set these IP addresses on the interfaces of your routers.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 100%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 25%;" width="25%"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 25%;" width="25%"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Router1&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 25%;" width="25%"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Router2&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 25%;" width="25%"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Router4&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 25%;" width="25%"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Interface Ethernet 0&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 25%;" width="25%"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;10.1.1.1      255.255.255.0&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 25%;" width="25%"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;10.1.1.2 255.255.255.0&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 25%;" width="25%"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Not Available&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 25%;" width="25%"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Interface Serial 0&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 25%;" width="25%"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;172.16.10.1     255.255.0.0&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 25%;" width="25%"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Not Available&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 25%;" width="25%"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;172.16.10.2     255.255.0.0&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Goals:  &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;1)   Set our hostname and get our interfaces up.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;2)  Configure Rip routing protocol&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;3)  Select the directly connected networks&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;4)  View our routing table&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;5)  View the Rip protocol information&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;6)  Observe Rip debugging information&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;  &lt;hr align="center" size="2" width="100%"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a standards-based, distance-vector, interior gateway protocol (IGP) used by routers to exchange routing information.  RIP uses hop count to determine the best path between two locations.  Hop count is the number of routers the packet must go through till it reaches the destination network.  The maximum allowable number of hops a packet can traverse in an IP network implementing RIP is 15 hops. In a RIP network, each router broadcasts its entire RIP table to its neighboring routers every 30 seconds.  When a router receives a neighbor's RIP table, it uses the information provided to update its own routing table and then sends the updated table to its neighbors. This procedure is repeated by each router and results in a state referred to as network convergence, in which all routers have an identical view of the internetwork topology.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Lets connect to Router1 and get it configured.  We will be using the table above for our IP addresses.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Router&gt;en&lt;br /&gt;Router#conf t&lt;br /&gt;Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.&lt;br /&gt;Router(config)#int e0&lt;br /&gt;Router(config-if)#ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0&lt;br /&gt;Router(config-if)#no shut&lt;br /&gt;Router(config-if)#exit&lt;br /&gt;00:35:15: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0, changed state to up&lt;br /&gt;Router(config)#hostname Router1&lt;br /&gt;Router1(config)#int s0&lt;br /&gt;Router1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.10.1 255.255.0.0&lt;br /&gt;Router1(config-if)#no shut&lt;br /&gt;00:35:16: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0, changed state to up&lt;br /&gt;Router1(config-if)#exit&lt;br /&gt;00:35:16: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0, changed sta&lt;br /&gt;te to up&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;RIP version 1 is classful, meaning it does not include the subnet mask in its routing table updates.  RIP version 2 is classless and includes the subnet information. Now lets go ahead and start the lab.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;1. We first want to configure Router1 for RIP. To enable RIP as the routing protocol we only need to type: router rip  We can see this below in the router output. Notice the new mode we have entered Router1(config-router)# that tells us we are configuring the router.  &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Router1(config)#router rip&lt;br /&gt;Router1(config-router)#&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Now that we have RIP running on our Router we need to tell the router which networks it is connected to. We do this by using the network statement.  What this means is every interface of our router that is directly connected to an active network needs a network number. We will have some networks using the same ip addressing schemes with different subnets, and some are using entirely different addressing schemes.  Look at the diagram below. In this diagram we have three different kinds of addressing schemes.  Lets look at these in more detail.  On Router 1 we have an IP address of 10.1.1.1 with a /24 subnet mask.  Since RIP is classful you are only required to enter the class part of the address for the network statement.  For example on Router1 we have already issued the command router rip, we then need to specify the directly connected networks to Router1 so the router can advertise these routes in its routing table.  To do this we would only need to type: network 10.0.0.0   now we have not told the router about the network on his serial interface, to do this we would type: network 172.16.0.0  Lets look at Router 2 what network statements do you would need to use on this router ______________________________________(see the answer below the diagram.) &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"&gt;  &lt;v:stroke joinstyle="miter"&gt;  &lt;v:formulas&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"&gt;  &lt;/v:formulas&gt;  &lt;v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"&gt;  &lt;o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"&gt; &lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="rip lesson" style="'width:327pt;height:429.75pt'"&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\SMKN1C~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.jpg" href="http://sinauonline.50webs.com/Boson/RIP.jpg"&gt; &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/SMKN1C%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.jpg" alt="rip lesson" shapes="_x0000_i1026" height="573" width="436" /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;The answers are network 10.0.0.0. The network statement for the serial link is the same for Router1 and Router2.  For the network statement for the ethernet link you had to remember that a 192 address was a class C address, for this network statement you used the classful portion of the address 192.168.1.0.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Now that we understand the network command lets enter it on our Router1.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Router1(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0&lt;br /&gt;Router1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0&lt;br /&gt;Router1(config-router)#&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;If you notice we only entered 10.0.0.0 for our network statement, this is because 10.0.0.0 is a Class B address and rip only uses the classful portion of the address.  Now we have configured Router1 for RIP lets connect to Router2 and get it setup.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt; We need to connect to Router2 and follow the same instructions.  Lets select Router2 from the Window pull down menu.  When we connect we are going to set a hostname to Router2, then set the ip addresses to the table above and configure RIP.  &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Router&gt;en&lt;br /&gt;Router#conf t&lt;br /&gt;Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.&lt;br /&gt;Router(config)#hostname Router2&lt;br /&gt;Router2(config)#int e0&lt;br /&gt;Router2(config-if)#ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.0&lt;br /&gt;Router2(config-if)#no shut&lt;br /&gt;Router2(config-if)#exit&lt;br /&gt;01:23:17: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0, changed state to up&lt;br /&gt;01:23:18: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0, changed state to up&lt;br /&gt;Router2(config)#&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Now add the RIP stuff!&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Router2(config)#router rip&lt;br /&gt;Router2(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0&lt;br /&gt;Router2(config-router)#exit&lt;br /&gt;Router2(config)#exit&lt;br /&gt;Router2#&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;We should now have RIP running on our network between Router1 and Router2.  Now we need to get Router4 setup.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;We need to connect to Router4 and follow the same instructions.  Lets select Router4 from the Window pull down menu.  When we connect we are going to set a hostname to Router4, then set the ip addresses to the table above and configure RIP.  &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Router&gt;en&lt;br /&gt;Router#conf t&lt;br /&gt;Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.&lt;br /&gt;Router(config)#hostname Router4&lt;br /&gt;Router4(config)#int s0&lt;br /&gt;Router4(config-if)#ip address 172.16.10.2 255.255.0.0&lt;br /&gt;Router4(config-if)#no shut&lt;br /&gt;Router4(config-if)#exit&lt;br /&gt;01:23:17: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0, changed state to up&lt;br /&gt;01:23:18: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0, changed state to up&lt;br /&gt;Router4(config)#&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Now add the RIP stuff!&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Router4(config)#router rip&lt;br /&gt;Router4(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0&lt;br /&gt;Router4(config-router)#exit&lt;br /&gt;Router4(config)#exit&lt;br /&gt;Router4#&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;  Now that we have RIP running on our entire network lets verify that it is receiving routes.  To do this we will be using some show commands.  The most common one is show ip route.  This displays all entries in the routing table.  If we do this on our Router 4 we will see the route to our directly connected Router1, we will also see routes to the other routers we have setup on the network.  Lets take a look at our routing table, to do this type: show ip route from the privilege mode.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Lets look at the first entry R 10.1.1.0/24 [120/1] via 172.16.10.2, 00:00:21, Serial0.  It starts off with R this says it is a Rip route it then says the destination network with sunbet mask in this case it is 10.1.1.0 with a /24 (255.255.255.0) subnet mask.  Next it gives 120/1 the 120 is the administrative distance, Rip's default administrative distance is 120.  Administrative distance is considered the trustworthiness of the route. If you have two routing protocols with the same route the router will pick the route with the lower number.  The 1 is the hops required to get to the destination network.  The next piece of information is the via 172.16.10.1 that is the next hop address it must go to.  The last item is that this information was learned via Serial0.  &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Another great command is show ip protocols.  This displays information about the ip routing protocols you have enabled.  Lets type the command : show ip protocols and see what we get.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Router4#show ip protocols&lt;br /&gt;Routing Protocol is "rip"&lt;br /&gt;Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 12 seconds&lt;br /&gt;Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240&lt;br /&gt;Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is&lt;br /&gt;Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is&lt;br /&gt;Redistributing: rip&lt;br /&gt;Default version control: send version 1, receive any version&lt;br /&gt;Interface Send Recv Key-chain&lt;br /&gt;Ethernet0    1 1 2&lt;br /&gt;Serial0      1 1 2&lt;br /&gt;Routing for Networks:&lt;br /&gt;172.16.0.0&lt;br /&gt;Routing Information Sources:&lt;br /&gt;Gateway Distance Last Update&lt;br /&gt;172.16.10.2 120 00:00:09&lt;br /&gt;Distance: (default is 120)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Router4#&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Looking at the output in detail we see we are sending updates every 30 seconds.  We know Rip is a distance vector routing protocol so it exchanges its entire routing table every 30 seconds.  We also see our network statements are working by noticing the networks are both under the Routing for Networks area.  The last area to notice is the Distance which we said was administrative distance.  This tells us the default is 120 and that is what we are using.  &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;In this lab we have configured our routers for RIP so that we can exchange information with more than the directly connected neighbor.  We have learned that RIP's metric is hop count and the routers send updates every 30 seconds be default.  Now in the next lab we will go into IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol).&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/577810939139468570-3158670771939909998?l=d307244-makul.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://d307244-makul.blogspot.com/feeds/3158670771939909998/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=577810939139468570&amp;postID=3158670771939909998' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/577810939139468570/posts/default/3158670771939909998'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/577810939139468570/posts/default/3158670771939909998'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://d307244-makul.blogspot.com/2008/04/routing-information-protocol.html' title='ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL'/><author><name>Rahmat Hidayat</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11018297933394194121</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577810939139468570.post-900771036231041464</id><published>2008-03-23T04:26:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2008-03-23T04:29:10.241-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Tugas Mandiri ( Teknik Digital )</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Berapa banyak angka yang      terdapat dalam suatu sistem bilangan desimal?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tulislah duapuluh bilangan      desimal yang pertama dalam suatu sistem bilangan dengan radiks      3!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Ubahlah bilangan desimal 294      menjadi bilangan dengan radiks berturut-turut 2, 8, dan 16!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jika 318.26 adalah suatu      bilangan dengan radiks 4, carilah bilangan desimal setaranya!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Apakah arti      kata &lt;b&gt;bit&lt;/b&gt; yang sering dijumpai dalam dunia komputer      digital?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ubahlah bilangan biner berikut      menjadi bilangan desimal setaranya:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;multicol id="Section1" dir="ltr" cols="3" gutter="48"&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;100100.001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;1111011.1111&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;        100010.101&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Jika diketahui a = 10110 dan b =   111001 dalam bilangan biner, hitunglah:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/multicol&gt;  &lt;multicol id="Section3" dir="ltr" cols="2" gutter="48"&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;a + b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;b – a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;ab&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;        a/b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Berapa hasil dari pengurangan   bilangan berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/multicol&gt;  &lt;multicol id="Section5" dir="ltr" cols="2" gutter="48"&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;11011 – 11111&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;11110 – 10101&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;10100 – 1001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;        1000 – 11011&lt;br /&gt;Ubahlah bilangan desimal berikut   menjadi bilangan oktal:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/multicol&gt;  &lt;multicol id="Section7" dir="ltr" cols="2" gutter="48"&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;2345.456&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;127.23&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;746000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;        3200&lt;br /&gt;Ubahlah bilangan oktal berikut   menjadi setara desimalnya:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/multicol&gt;  &lt;multicol id="Section9" dir="ltr" cols="2" gutter="48"&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;5632.653&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;6743.4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;677434&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;        3455&lt;br /&gt;Ubahlah bilangan heksadesimal   berikut menjadi bilangan desimal dan bilangan biner setaranya:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/multicol&gt;  &lt;multicol id="Section11" dir="ltr" cols="3" gutter="48"&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;53AB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;7390F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;        FAC50&lt;br /&gt;Ubahlah bilangan biner berikut   menjadi setara oktal dan heksadesimalnya:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/multicol&gt;  &lt;multicol id="Section13" dir="ltr" cols="3" gutter="48"&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;100110.011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;111111.111&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;10011101&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;11101110&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;0.001101&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;  10000000&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/multicol&gt; &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/577810939139468570-900771036231041464?l=d307244-makul.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://d307244-makul.blogspot.com/feeds/900771036231041464/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=577810939139468570&amp;postID=900771036231041464' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/577810939139468570/posts/default/900771036231041464'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/577810939139468570/posts/default/900771036231041464'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://d307244-makul.blogspot.com/2008/03/tugas-mandiri-teknik-digital.html' title='Tugas Mandiri ( Teknik Digital )'/><author><name>Rahmat Hidayat</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11018297933394194121</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-577810939139468570.post-8220562579173787412</id><published>2008-03-23T04:03:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-03-23T04:24:38.936-07:00</updated><title type='text'>SISTEM BILANGAN</title><content type='html'>&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;  &lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Sistem  Bilangan dan Bilangan Desimal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Suatu sistem bilangan adalah suatu himpunan aturan, nama, dan lambang yang digunakan untuk mewakili bilangan. &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Setiap bilangan asli N dalam notasi menurut kedudukan diwakili oleh pernyataan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;  (1.1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;dengan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; : himpunan angka yang mewakili suatu bilangan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; : radiks atau dasar sistem bilangan atau orde bilangan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;n+1 : banyaknya angka dalam bilangan itu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;a&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; : angka yang bernilai dari 0 sampai &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;R-1&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt; = 0, 1, 2, …R-1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Secara umum, sistem bilangan tempat nilai itu berlaku untuk setiap radiks berupa bilangan bulat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Symbol, serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt; 2, dan suatu angka dengan kedudukan &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; mempunyai bobot &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;R&lt;sup&gt;i&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;. Pada pernyataan diatas tidak berlaku sistem yang menggunakan satu angka (&lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;2).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Sistem &lt;b&gt;desimal&lt;/b&gt; adalah sistem bilangan yang mempunyai radiks 10. dalam sistem desimal, semua diwakili oleh deretan angka 0 sampai 9. Setiap bilangan asli dalam sistem desimal selalu dapat ditulis sebagai:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (1.2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;dengan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;a&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; adalah banyaknya satuan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;a&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; adalah banyaknya puluhan dan seterusnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Dalam bentuk yang disederhanakan, bilangan tersebut dapat ditulis sebagai suatu barisan angka a&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; (&lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt; = 0, 1, ..., n):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt; N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Symbol, serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt; a&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;a&lt;sub&gt;n-1&lt;/sub&gt;...a&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;a&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt; (1.3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Dalam hal di atas tanda plus di antara suku-skunya telah dihilangkan dan 10 berpangkat itu secara otomatis dimengerti hadir. Jadi urutan atau kedudukan setiap angka disebelah kiri selalu lebih tinggi daripada yang di kanannya dengan faktor 10.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Angka terkiri dikatakan sebagai &lt;b&gt;angka yang paling berarti&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;i&gt;most significant digit-MSD&lt;/i&gt;) dan angka terkanan adalah &lt;b&gt;angka yang paling kurang berarti&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;i&gt;least significant digit-LSD&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Persamaan (1.1) dapat diperluas untuk bilangan nyata positif dengan memanfaatkan pangkat negatif:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;   (1.4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Bilangan nyata positif itu lazimnya ditulis secara ringkas dengan memisahkan suku yang pangkatnya positif dan nol dari suku yang yang berpangkat negatif dengan suatu &lt;b&gt;tanda radiks&lt;/b&gt; (biasanya tanda titik atau koma). &lt;b&gt;Angka di kiri tanda radiks&lt;/b&gt; itu disebut sebagai &lt;b&gt;bagian bulat&lt;/b&gt; dan yang &lt;b&gt;di kanan tanda radiks&lt;/b&gt; disebut &lt;b&gt;bagian pecahan&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ol start="2"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Perubahan radiks&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Setiap bilangn N dalam sistem desimal dapat diubah menjadi suatu bilangan dengan radiks R. Urutan pengubahannya adalah sebagai berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;a. Tentukan pangkat tertinggi, n, pada R yang tidak lebih besar dari N.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt; &lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;b. Bagilah N dengan R&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt;. Hasil baginya, a&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; merupakan angka pertama untuk N dan sisanya, r&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, digunakan pada langkah (c).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt; &lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;c.i. Jika r&lt;sub&gt;1 &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Symbol, serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;n-1&lt;/sup&gt;, bagi r&lt;sub&gt;1 itu &lt;/sub&gt;dengan R&lt;sup&gt;n-1&lt;/sup&gt; untuk mendapatkan hasil bagi a&lt;sub&gt;n-1&lt;/sub&gt;, yang merupakan angka kedua untuk N. Sisanya, r&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, digunakan pada langkah (d).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt; &lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;c.ii. Jika r&lt;sub&gt;1 &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;&gt;n-1&lt;/sup&gt;, angka kedua untuk N adalah 0 dan r&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; digunakan pada langkah d.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt; &lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;d. Ulangi langkah c dengan hasil (c.i.) atau (c.ii.) dan teruskan pembagian itu hingga semua pangkat R yang kurang dari n telah digunakan semua.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Contoh 1.1: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;ol&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;    &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Ubahlah bilangan desimal 97    menjadi suatu bilangan dengan radiks 3!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;    &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Carilah setara desimal untuk 2312    pada sistem bilangan dengan radiks 4!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Catatan:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Cara pengubahan bilangan desimal (radiks 10) ke radiks lain dapat juga dilakukan dengan &lt;b&gt;metode pembagian berurutan&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Contoh 1.2:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Ubahlah  bilangan desimal 81 menjadi suatu bilangan dengan radiks 5 dengan  metode perubahan radiks diatas dan metode pembagian berurutan  kemudian bandingkan hasilnya!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ol start="3"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bilangan Biner&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;Dalam sistem digital bilangan desimal bukan merupakan sistem yang paling efisien untuk dipakai. Sistem bilangan biner secara luas digunakan dalam rangkaian logika dan sistem digital yang lain. &lt;b&gt;Bilangan biner&lt;/b&gt; merupakan bilangan dengan radiks 2 (diwakili oleh deretan angka 0 dan 1 atau diwakili dengan 2 angka yang berbeda), bukan 0 sampai dengan 9 (atau diwakili dengan 10 angka yang berbeda) seperti pada sistem desimal. &lt;/span&gt;Kedua angka tersebut merupakan perwakilan dua keadaan dalam rangkaian logika: &lt;b&gt;hidup dan mati&lt;/b&gt; atau &lt;b&gt;ada tiadanya sinyal (pulsa) &lt;/b&gt;atau &lt;b&gt;tegangan tinggi dan tegangan rendah&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Angka-angka biner (0 atau 1) disebut sebagai &lt;b&gt;bit&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Aturan untuk mengubah bilangan desimal menjadi bilangan biner dan sebaliknya mengikuti aturan yang telah dibahas dalam Subbab (1.2.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Apabila pengubahan dengan metode pembagian berurutan, maka dilakukan dengan langkah-langkah:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ol&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;   &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Berturut-turut bagi bilangan yang   diketahui dengan 2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;   &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Letakkan hasil baginya tepat   dibawah bilangan yang dibagi itu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;   &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Letakkan sisa pembagian itu   disamping kanan hasil bagi tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Bilangan   biner setaranya akan &lt;b&gt;terbentuk oleh sisa pembagian itu&lt;/b&gt;   dengan &lt;b&gt;sisa terakhir&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;menjadi&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;angka pertama&lt;/b&gt; dan   &lt;b&gt;sisa pertama&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;menjadi angka terakhir&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Untuk bilangan pecahan desimal, pengubahan itu dapat dilakukan dengan langkah berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Berturut-turut kalikanlah pecahan  desimal itu dengan 2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Tulislah hasil perkalian itu secara  lengkap, tetapi pisahkan bagian bulat dari bagian pecahannya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Letakkan hasilkali tersebut tepat  dibawah bilangan yang dikalikan itu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Lakukan perkalian itu hanya untuk  bagian pecahannya saja dengan mengabaikan bagian bulatnya sampai  semua angka dibagian pecahannya sama dengan nol atau sampai  banyaknya angka yang diperlukan untuk derajat ketepatan telah  dicapai.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Bagian  bulat hasil perkalian tersebut yang &lt;b&gt;pertama&lt;/b&gt; yang diperoleh  dari perkalian yang &lt;b&gt;pertama&lt;/b&gt; merupakan bagian pecahan bilangan  biner yang &lt;b&gt;pertama&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Catatan:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Ada cara yang lebih mudah untuk mengubah bilangan desimal ke bilangan biner yaitu berdasarkan nilai tempat kedudukan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;center&gt;  &lt;table border="1" border cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="241" style="color:#000000;"&gt;   &lt;col width="37"&gt;   &lt;col width="24"&gt;   &lt;col width="24"&gt;   &lt;col width="24"&gt;   &lt;col width="24"&gt;   &lt;col width="23"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr valign="top"&gt;    &lt;td width="37"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;......&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="24"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="24"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="24"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="24"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="23"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr valign="top"&gt;    &lt;td width="37"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;........&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="24"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="24"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="24"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="24"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="23"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Contoh 1.3: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Ubahlah  bilangan desimal 10 ke bilangan biner!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Jawab:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt; 10 merupakan penjumlahan dari 2+8, maka:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;center&gt;  &lt;table border="1" border cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" frame="lhs" rules="cols" width="333" style="color:#000000;"&gt;   &lt;col width="26"&gt;   &lt;col width="27"&gt;   &lt;col width="27"&gt;   &lt;col width="27"&gt;   &lt;col width="156"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr valign="top"&gt;    &lt;td height="4" width="26"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="27"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="27"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="27"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="156"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify"&gt;  &lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;setara     binernya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr valign="top"&gt;    &lt;td height="4" width="26"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="27"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="27"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="27"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="156"&gt;     &lt;p lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    &lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr valign="top"&gt;    &lt;td height="4" width="26"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="27"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="27"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="27"&gt;     &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td width="156"&gt;     &lt;p lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    &lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt; &lt;ol start="4"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bilangan Oktal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Sistem bilangan &lt;b&gt;oktal&lt;/b&gt; adalah suatu sistem bilangan dengan radiks 8. Sistem oktal tersebut mempunyai delapan lambang atau angka. Delapan angka yang dipakai itu adalah 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 dan 7. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Aturan untuk mengubah bilangan desimal menjadi bilangan oktal dan sebaliknya mengikuti aturan yang telah dibahas dalam Subbab (1.2.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Hubungan antara oktal dengan biner diperoleh dengan menghitung sampai dengan tujuh dalam masing-masing sistemnya:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt; &lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;000  001  010  011  100  101  110  111   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Symbol, serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt; setara biner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;                                          &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;   &lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;0      1      2      3      4      5      6      7     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Symbol, serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt; oktal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Contoh 1.4:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Ubahlah  bilangan oktal 45 menjadi bilangan biner setaranya:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.63in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt; &lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;4 5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt; &lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;100 101&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Dari contoh diatas, setiap angka oktal itu diubah menjadi setara binernya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Pengubahan bilangan biner ke oktal juga tidak sukar, hanya memerlukan proses kebalikannya. Yang perlu diingat adalah untuk mengubahnya &lt;b&gt;harus mengelompokkan bilangan biner itu tiga demi tiga mulai dari tanda binernya&lt;/b&gt;, kemudian mengubah masing-masing kelompok tersebut menjadi setara oktalnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Contoh 1.5:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Ubahlah  1101.110101&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; = .......&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Berapakah setara biner untuk  bilangan desimal 103? Ubahlah menjadi oktal terlebih dahulu sebelum  diubah menjadi bilangan biner!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ol start="5"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bilangan Heksadesimal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Bilangan heksadesimal adalah suatu sistem bilangan dengan radiks enambelas. Bilangan heksadesimal mempunyai enambelas angka dari 0 sampai 9 ditambah dengan A, B, C, D, E dan F.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Seperti pada bilangan oktal, pada bilangan heksadesimal karena enambelas adalah 2&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;, pengubahan dari heksadesimal ke biner menjadi sederhana.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Misalnya untuk mengubah 4BF&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt; menjadi biner, maka:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;4 B F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;0100 1011 1111&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Dalam hal ini setiap angka heksadesimal diubah menjadi setara binernya, pengelompokan disini adalah 4 bit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Contoh 1.6:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Ubahlah  0000100111111&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; menjadi bilangan heksadesimal!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Dalam sistem heksadesimal, dua angka dapat dengan rapi mewakili byte (8-bit), dan &lt;b&gt;2n &lt;/b&gt;angka mewakili suatu kata &lt;b&gt;n-byte&lt;/b&gt;. Suatu angka heksadesimal dengan 4 bit kadang-kadang disebut sebagai &lt;b&gt;nibble&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ol start="6"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Aritmatika Bilangan Biner&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;   &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Untuk mendapatkan aturan   penambahan dalam bilangan biner perlu dibahas 4 kasus sederhana   berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ol&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;   &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;0 + 0 = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;   &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;0 + 1 = 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;   &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;1 + 0 = 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;   &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;1 + 1 = 10 (0 dengan simpanan 1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Contoh 1.7:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Jumlahkan  bilangan biner 101 dengan 110!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;   &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Untuk mengurangkan bilangan biner,   ditinjau terlebih dahulu 4 kasus berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;0   – 0 = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;1   – 0 = 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;1   – 1 = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;10 – 1 = 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Dalam operasi pengurangan tersebut, seperti halnya dengan pengurangan bilangan desimal, dilakukan kolom demi kolom. Bila perlu dilakukan peminjaman dari kolom dengan urutan yang lebih tinggi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Contoh 1.8:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Hitunglah  110&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; dikurangi dengan 101&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;   &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Perkalian bilangan biner juga   seperti halnya dengan bilangan desimal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;0 x 0 = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;0 x 1 = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;1 x 0 = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;1 x 1 = 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Contoh 1.9:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ol&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Kalikan   bilangan biner 1011 dengan 101!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;    &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Pembagian dengan bilangan biner    mempunyai pola yang sama seperti halnya dengan bilangan desimal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Contoh 1.10:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ol&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt;     &lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Bagilah     bilangan biner 1100 dengan 10!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.38in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Daftar Pustaka:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify"&gt; &lt;span lang="sv-SE"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, serif;"&gt;Mismail, Budiono. 1998. Dasar-dasar Rangkaian Logika Digital. Bandung: Penerbit ITB.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 130%;" align="justify" lang="sv-SE"&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/577810939139468570-8220562579173787412?l=d307244-makul.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://d307244-makul.blogspot.com/feeds/8220562579173787412/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=577810939139468570&amp;postID=8220562579173787412' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/577810939139468570/posts/default/8220562579173787412'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/577810939139468570/posts/default/8220562579173787412'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://d307244-makul.blogspot.com/2008/03/sistem-bilangan.html' title='SISTEM BILANGAN'/><author><name>Rahmat Hidayat</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11018297933394194121</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
